The odds ratio Slide 40 Slide 41 Slide 42 Slide 43 The odds ratio here Interpretation of the odds ratio The rare disease assumption The odds ratio vs the risk ratio Odds ratios in crosssectional and cohort studies Example, wrinkle study Interpreting ORs when the outcome is common Interpreting ORs when the outcome is commonComes can often be summarized by estimating odds ratios or risk ratios If the study outcome is sufficiently rare among exposed and unexposed study subjects, the odds ratio for the exposure–outcome association will closely approximate the risk ratio But if the outcome is common and the risk ratio is not close to 1, the odds ratio will beThese ORs are all relative to TT (lowestrisk genotype) not meaningful to apply to an individual Association of rs on 8q24 with colorectal cancer CC CT TT Calculate the diabetes risk for 4 individuals using their genotype data using odds ratios vs likelihood ratios Note whether the two methods of risk estimation provide
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Odds ratio and relative risk pdf
Odds ratio and relative risk pdf-Title Slide 1 Author Chayanit Phetcharat Last modified by Vorasith Sornsrivichai Created Date 7/3/11 AM Document presentation format1 represent the rate or risk of disease in the exposed group and let R 0 represent the rate or risk of disease in the nonexposed group Absolute Measure of Effect (Rate Difference) RD = R 1 −R 0 Relative Measure of Effect (Rate Ratio) 0 1 R R RR = The relative effect of an exposure can also captured by the SMR (see section on Rate Adjustment)
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If the relative risk is 1, the tutoring made no difference at all If it's above 1, then the tutored group actually had a higher risk of failing than the controls Odds Ratio The odds ratio is the ratio of the odds of an event in the Treatment groupDefinition of risk ratio A risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2 Odds = P (positive) / 1 – P (positive) = (42/90) / 1 (42/90) = (42/90) / (48/90) = 0875 Thus, the odds ratio for experiencing a positive outcome under the new treatment compared to the existing treatment can be calculated as Odds Ratio = 125 / 0875 = 1428 We would interpret this to mean that the odds that a patient experiences a
The ratio of the risk of healing in the elastic bandage group to the risk in the inelastic bandage group is called the risk ratio For Table 4, the risk ratio = 0538/0284 = 1 The risk ratio is also called the relative risk and the rate ratio, all of which can be conveniently abbreviated to RRNotice that the adjusted relative risk and adjusted odds ratio, 144 and 152, are not equal to the unadjusted or crude relative risk and odds ratio, 178 and 193 The adjustment for age produces estimates of the relative risk and odds ratio that are much closer to the stratumspecific estimates (the adjusted estimates are weighted averages ofIn our example, the odds ratio of treatment to control group would be 35 (15 divided by 043) Risk and relative risk Risk, as opposed to odds, is calculated as the number of patients in the group who achieve the stated end point divided by the total number of patients in the group Risk ratio or relative risk is a ratio of two "risks"
Percent, population attributable risk percent, relative risk, odds, odds ratio, and others The concept and method of calculation are explained for each of these in simple terms and with the help of examples The interpretation of each is presented in plain English rather than in technical language Clinically useful notes are provided,Odds Ratio versus Relative Risk Odds ratio can be calculated in a cohort study and in a casecontrol study − The exposure odds ratio is equal to the disease odds ratio Relative risk can only be calculated in a cohort study 3 Relative Risk (Risk Ratio) • Expresses how many times more (or less) likely an exposed person develops an outcome relative to an unexposed person • Interpretation – RR > 1 Increased risk of outcome – RR = 1 No risk of outcome – RR < 1 Reduced risk of outcome 4
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Odds Ratio, Hazard Ratio and Relative Risk Janez Stare1 Delphine MaucortBoulch2 Abstract Odds ratio (OR) is a statistic commonly encountered in professional or scientific medical literature Most readers perceive it as relative risk (RR), although most of them do not know why that would be true But since such perception is mostlyRelative Risk and Odds Ratio The relative risk (RR) is the probability that a member of an exposed group will develop a disease relative to the probability that a member of an unexposed group will develop that same disease RR = P(diseasejexposed) P(diseasejunexposed) If an event takes place with probability p, the odds in favor of the event Odds ratios work the same An odds ratio of 108 will give you an 8% increase in the odds at any value of X Likewise, the difference in the probability (or the odds) depends on the value of X So if you do decide to report the increase in probability at different values of X, you'll have to do it at low, medium, and high values of X
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The relative risk and the odds ratio are measures of association between exposure status and disease outcome in a population Relative risk In epidemiology, relative risk (RR) can give us insights in how much more likely an exposed group is to develop a certain disease in comparison to a nonexposed group Once we know the exposure and disease status of a research population,Relative Risk Calculations Odds Ratio in CaseControl Studies (cont) Definition The amount of disease that can be attributed to a certain exposure OR, expressed as a proportion From previous relative risk example First calculate AR for group from Formulas 111 & 112 (previous slide), then use Formula 113 For proportion of the incidenceIn our example above, p wine and p no_wine were 0009 and 0012 respectively, so the odds ratio was a good approximation of the relative risk OR = 0752 and RR = 075 If the risks were 08 and 09, the odds ratio and relative risk will be 2 very different numbers OR = 044 and RR = 0 Relative risk vs Odds ratio
The Absolute And Relative Risk Of Type 2 Diabetes After Gestational Diabetes A Systematic Review And Meta Analysis Of 129 Studies Diabetes Research And Clinical Practice
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A prevalence ratio, or ;Odds are the ratio of the probability of an ev ent occurring in a group, divided by the probability of that ev ent not occurring odds = π 1 − π For example, if probability of death in aOdds ratio and relative risk
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If the relative risk equals 1, then factor is not associated with the outcome Another statistic similar to relative risk and often used by epidemiologists is the odds ratio a/b c/d When the difference in incidence or prevalence rate of an outcome is very small, the odds ratio and the relative risk yield similar results, but when theCase Study Relative Risk and Odds Ratio John Snow's Cholera Investigations Population Information 2 Water Providers Southwark & Vauxhall (S&V) and Lambeth (L) S&V Population # Cholera Deaths 3706 L Poulation # Choleta Deaths 411 Sampling Distribution of RR & OR Goal Obtain Empirical Sampling Distributions of sample RR and OR and observeOdds Ratios What do the numbers not mean The most common mistake made when interpreting logistic regression is to treat an odds ratio as a ratio of probabilities Bird keepers are not 4x more likely to develop lung cancer than nonbird keepers This is the di erence between relative risk and an odds ratio RR = P(diseasejexposed) P
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Represent the rate or risk of disease in the nonexposed group Absolute Measure of Association/Effect (Risk or Rate Difference) is captured in the rate or risk difference (RD) RD R R 1 0 Relative Measure of Association/Effect (Risk or Rate Ratio) 0 1 R R RR Note The relative effect of an exposure can also captured by the SMR (see section onThe odds ratio supports clinical decisions by providing information on the odds of a particular outcome relative to the odds of another outcome In the endocarditis example, the risk (or odds) of dying if treated with the new drug is relative to the risk (odds) of dying if treated with the standard treatment antibiotic protocolOdds ratio (relative risk) 2 Difference in proportions exposed (absolute risk) 3 Chisquare What's the risk ratio here?
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The odds ratio We cannot calculate a risk ratio from a casecontrol study BUT, we can calculate a measure called the odds ratio Odds vs Risk The odds ratio Inferences about the odds ratio Relative measures of effect are risk ratio (ie the ratio between two incidence proportions), incidence rate ratio (the ratio between two incidence rates), and OR (the ratio between two odds) The risk difference is an absolute measure of effect (ie the risk of the outcome in exposed individuals minus the risk of the same outcome in unexposed)Risk Ratio 31 • Can also be called Relative Risk or RR • Quantifies a population's risk of disease from a particular exposure • Calculation Risk in the exposed group / Risk in the unexposed group Descriptive and Analytic Studies Exposure odds ratio
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Relative Risk and Odds Ratio for the obese 3) Overall, you can see that decreasing the baseline incidence will decrease the odds ratio (300 in those who are nonobese versus 129 in those who are obese) Obviously, these results run counter to expected results, putting the onus on the researcher to justify them Similarly, you should findSometimes, we see the log odds ratio instead of the odds ratio The log OR comparing women to men is log(144) = 036 The log OR comparing men to women is log(069) = 036 log OR > 0 increased risk log OR = 0 no difference in risk log OR < 0 decreased risk Odds Ratio 0 5 10 15 More on the Odds Ratio Log Odds Ratio4 2 0 2 4The Odds Ratio The odds of disease in the exposed group are 7/10, and the odds of disease in the nonexposed group are 6/56 If I compute the odds ratio, I get (7/10) / (5/56) = 656, very close to the risk ratio that I computed from data for the entire population We will consider odds ratios and casecontrol studies in much greater depth in
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Odds ratio (OR) is the ratio of the odds of an event occurring in one group to the odds of it occurring in another group Generally there is a referent group (OR 10) that is compared with another group Relative risk (RR) is used frequently in the statistical analysis of binary outcomes where the outcome of interest has relatively lowOdds > exp(r2)/exp(r1) Odds ratio interpretation (OR) Based on the output below, when x3 increases by one unit, the odds of y = 1 increase by 112% (2121)*100 Or, the odds of y =1 are 212 times higher when x3 increases by one unit (keeping all other predictors constant) To get the odds ratio, you Percent increase = (Risk Ratio lower bound – 1) x 100 Percent decrease = (1 – Risk Ratio upper bound) x 100 It's worth stating again when comparing two proportions close to 1 or 0, the risk ratio is usually a better summary than the raw difference Odds Ratios We now turn to odds ratios as yet another way to summarize a 2 x 2 table
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The difference between odds ratio and risk ratio • ericminikel The other day I was emailing with a statistical genetics colleague about a rare SNP associated with a phenotype I stated that the minor allele frequency (MAF) was 07% in cases and 01% in controls, for a risk ratio of 7 After clicking send, I felt a twinge of regret The odds ratio can be confused with relative risk As stated above, the odds ratio is a ratio of 2 odds As odds of an event are always positive, the odds ratio is always positive and ranges from zero to very large The relative risk is a ratio of probabilities of the event occurring in all exposed individuals versus the event occurring in all Odds ratios are a common measure of the size of an effect and may be reported in casecontrol studies, cohort studies, or clinical trials Increasingly, they are also used to report the findings from systematic reviews and metaanalyses Odds ratios are hard to comprehend directly and are usually interpreted as being equivalent to the relative risk
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The risk ratio In practice, risks and odds for a single group are not nearly as interesting as a comparison of risks and odds between two groups For risk you can make these comparisons by dividing the risk for one group (usually the group exposed to the risk factor) by the risk for the second, nonexposed, group This gives us the risk ratio ODDS RATIO An odds ratio is the odds of the event in one group , for example, those exposed to a drug, divided by the odds of the event in another group not exposed Odd ratio in epidemiology In case control study since the incidence is not available so relative risk can not be calculated directly Therefore Odd ratio is obtained which is aAbout Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators
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Interpreting Odds Ratios An important property of odds ratios is that they are constant It does not matter what values the other independent variables take on For instance, say you estimate the following logistic regression model 1685 x 1 0039 x 2 The effect of the odds of a 1unit increase in x 1 is exp(1685) = 118A smaller proportion of the probiotic group developed diarrhoea associated with antibiotic use compared with the placebo group (7 (12%) v 19 (34%);The relative risk is best estimated using a population sample, but if the rare disease assumption holds, the odds ratio is a good approximation to the relative risk — the odds is p / (1 − p), so when p moves towards zero Introduction and background Risk ratios, odds ratios, and hazard ratios are three ubiquitous statistical measures in clinical research, yet are often misused or misunderstood in their interpretation of a study's results A 01 paper looking at the use of odds ratios in obstetrics and gynecology research reported 26% of studies (N = 151) misinterpreted odds ratios as risk ratios
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